Understanding dog depression: causes, symptoms and what to do next

Mental health issues aren't unique to humans. Dogs may not be able to express their feelings in the same ways that we can, but they have many of the same neurochemicals (substances responsible for the regulation of emotions in the brain) that we do. So it follows that they can experience low spirits.

Like us, dogs are also exposed to hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol, when they're stressed. These chemicals wear off very slowly, and the levels of dopamine - the 'happy' hormone that drives dogs to seek positive outcomes - can then be depleted as a result.

Just like us, dogs can suffer from the winter blues. Cold weather usually means less exercise and outdoor play for your dog, both of which help to increase dopamine levels. Winter may also offer fewer opportunities to meet up with other dogs, which can affect your pet if he's sociable.

Disruption to your pet's routine can also be a stressor. For example, if your dog receives a lot of attention and company over the festive holidays but is suddenly left alone more often in the new year, he may find it hard to cope with the change. We'll look at how you can help your dog cope with change later in this article.

It's not always easy to tell whether your dog is depressed, but trust your instincts. If his behaviour feels out of the ordinary, it could be a sign that something is wrong. Some depressed dogs may become subdued and interact with you less, while others can become clingy and follow you around.

The following symptoms could also indicate that not all is well with your dog's mental state. Bear in mind, though, that many of these symptoms could have causes other than low spirits, including illness. So if you notice any unusual behaviour in your dog, including the symptoms below, consult your vet for advice - and to rule out any underlying physical causes.

Seriously unhappy dogs may require help from a professional behaviourist, or even medication. However, there are also a number of things we can do to lift our dog's spirits at home, particularly if they are suffering from the winter blues.

Firstly, it's important to not reinforce a depressed state by offering treats or rewards to a dog that refuses to go for walks or eat as usual. Instead, spend time doing something your dog enjoys, and reward that healthy behaviour.

Find opportunities to socialise your dog with other dogs - visit places where there are likely to be lots of dogs, or join training classes. Socialising can help a dog's disposition immensely, as other dogs can provide interaction that even the most loving human is unable to.

If a formerly extrovert dog is becoming quieter after being left on his own for periods of time, be aware that he may be suffering from separation anxiety - it may be a good idea to invest in a dog walker or doggie day-care. A plug-in pheromone diffuser can also be a useful way to help your dog feel calmer during periods of change or stress.

If your dog is getting less exercise than usual for any reason - during wintry weather, for example - think about adapting his activities and increasing the amount of mental stimulation he receives. Puzzle-solving toys are a fantastic way to keep his mind occupied. They also have the benefit of rewarding him each time he gets the puzzle right - something that's sure to help increase his dopamine levels.

You could also try bringing his exercise indoors. Think about creating an obstacle course with cardboard boxes for your dog to chase through, or invest in an indoor-friendly ball, for a game of catch in your living room.

Always keep in mind that while caring for your dog's physical health is important, it's just as crucial to keep him mentally healthy, too.