Do dogs have periods

Ever wondered whether dogs have ‘periods’? The answer might surprise you. While female dogs don’t menstruate like humans, they do go through a reproductive cycle – commonly known as being ‘in season’ – which is often misunderstood. But understanding seasons in dogs will help you to give your pet the care and comfort she needs during this time.

Whether you’re a first-time dog owner or just want to better understand your female dog’s behaviour, this guide covers everything you need to know about dogs in season and how to support your pup through their heat cycles.

The dog oestrus cycle is a natural reproductive process that unspayed female dogs experience throughout their lives. Unlike human menstruation, dogs in heat don’t shed their uterine lining monthly. Instead, oestrus in dogs involves several distinct phases that prepare the body for potential pregnancy, though it can also lead to risks like pyometra, a serious uterine infection.

Canine oestrus typically occurs twice yearly, though this varies between individual dogs and breeds.

Proestrus is the initial stage lasting approximately nine days. During this phase, your dog’s body prepares for potential mating. You’ll initially notice bloody discharge from the vulva, which becomes swollen, with the discharge becoming clearer or straw coloured as oestrus approaches. Female dogs aren’t typically receptive to mating during proestrus.

This is the fertile phase of your dog’s heat cycle, when the egg is released and she is receptive to mating. Oestrus typically lasts around nine days, but it can range anywhere from three to 21 days. You might notice that the bloody discharge becomes lighter in colour, and the vulva stays swollen.

Dioestrus is the period following oestrus and the release of the egg, if the dog isn’t pregnant. This stage lasts for approximately 60 days.

Although there are few external symptoms, sometimes unpregnant female dogs show signs of a false or pseudopregnancy whereby they can build nests, carry toys around as if they are puppies, and even produce milk.

False pregnancies exist so unpregnant dogs in the pack could wet-nurse another dog’s puppies. False pregnancies typically last for around two weeks and usually pass without treatment. They will likely recur the next season and they are another common reason why it is important to consider spaying your female dog.

Anoestrus occurs after dioestrus, and lasts three to four months. During this time, your dog’s reproductive system rests, and hormone levels return to normal. Typically, there are no visible signs during this portion of the cycle.

• Swollen vulva that appears larger than normal
•  Bloody discharge that may range from bright red to dark brown
•  Increased urination, often used to mark territory and attract males
• Changes in behaviour, including restlessness or increased affection
• Mounting behaviour or presenting to other dogs
• Loss of appetite in some dogs
• Increased attention from male dogs in the area

If your dog’s in heat, you can help her by prioritising her comfort and safety. Spend time with her and keep her entertained to help manage any discomfort or anxiety she may be experiencing.

Make sure to keep her away from unneutered males, especially when out on a walk, ensuring that she’s kept on a lead at all times. Be aware that she will be motivated to seek males while in oestrus and therefore normally well-behaved dogs can ‘disappear’ on walks.

The amount of time that a dog stays in heat can vary, but most cycles last between two to four weeks. How often a dog goes into heat depends on their breed and size – generally, most dogs cycle every six to eight months. Smaller breeds may come into heat more often, while larger breeds might only have one heat cycle a year.

Your dog’s heat cycle usually ends when the vulva returns to normal size, discharge stops completely, and they no longer attract male dogs while out. Many owners notice their dog’s behaviour returning to normal, too – although they may show signs of a false pregnancy around two months after the season ends.

The only way to permanently stop heat cycles is through spaying; a surgical procedure that removes the ovaries and usually the uterus. This prevents future heat cycles and eliminates unwanted pregnancy risk.

Spaying can also provide some important health benefits, including reduced risk of mammary cancer. Your vet can give you guidance on when to get your dog spayed.

If you have dog insurance with Petplan, you can also access our Pet Expert Chat to speak with a professional about your dog’s heat cycle or reproductive health. Log into your My Petplan account to access.

Yes, dogs can become pregnant during their first heat cycle, though it’s generally not recommended for their health and development.

Most dogs experience their first heat between six to 12 months of age, when they’re still maturing. Pregnancy at this young age can lead to complications and can be uncomfortable for your dog. Because of this, vets typically recommend waiting until at least the second heat cycle before considering breeding.

Unlike humans, dogs don’t experience a defined menopause where heat cycles stop completely. Instead, cycles may become irregular as dogs age, but they can continue throughout their lives. Older unspayed females may have longer intervals between cycles but can still potentially become pregnant.